Scalia, J., dissenting
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
No. 981682
UNITED STATES, et al., APPELLANTS v. PLAYBOY
ENTERTAINMENT GROUP, INC.
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE
[May 22, 2000]
Justice Scalia, dissenting.
I agree with the principal dissent in this case that §505 of the Telecommunications Act
of 1996, Pub. L.
104104, 110 Stat. 136, 47 U.S.C. § 561 (1994 ed., Supp III), is supported by a
compelling state interest
and is narrowly tailored. I write separately to express my view that §505 can be upheld
in simpler fashion:
by finding that it regulates the business of obscenity.
To be sure, §505 and the Federal Communications Commissions implementing
regulation, see 47 CFR §
76.227 (1999), purport to capture programming that is indecent rather than merely that
which is obscene.
And I will assume for purposes of this discussion (though it is a highly fanciful
assumption) that none of the
transmissions at issue independently crosses the boundary we have established for
obscenity, see Miller v.
California, 413 U.S. 15, 24 (1973), so that the individual programs themselves would enjoy
First
Amendment protection. In my view, however, that assumption does not put an end to the
inquiry.
We have recognized that commercial entities which engage in "the sordid business of
pandering" by
"deliberately emphasiz[ing] the sexually provocative aspects of [their nonobscene
products], in order to
catch the salaciously disposed," engage in constitutionally unprotected behavior.
Ginzburg v. United States,
383 U.S. 463, 467, 472 (1966); see also
FW/PBS, Inc. v. Dallas, 493 U.S. 215, 257258 (1990) (Scalia, J., concurring in part
and dissenting in
part); Pinkus v. United States, 436 U.S. 293, 303304 (1978); Splawn v. California,
431 U.S. 595,
597599 (1977); Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87, 130 (1974). Cf. Jacobellis v.
Ohio, 378 U.S.
184, 201 (1964) (Warren, C. J., dissenting) ("In my opinion, the use to which various
materials are putnot
just the words and pictures themselvesmust be considered in determining whether or
not the materials are
obscene"). This is so whether or not the products in which the business traffics
independently meet the high
hurdle we have established for delineating the obscene, viz., that they contain no
"serious literary, artistic,
political, or scientific value." Miller, supra, at 24. See Ginzburg, 383 U.S., at
471. We are more
permissive of government regulation in these circumstances because it is clear from the
context in which
exchanges between such businesses and their customers occur that neither the merchant nor
the buyer is
interested in the works literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.
"The deliberate representation of
petitioners publications as erotically arousing . . . stimulate[s] the reader to
accept them as prurient; he
looks for titillation, not for saving intellectual content." Id., at 470. Thus, a
business that "(1) offer[s]
hardcore sexual material, (2) as a constant and intentional objective of [its] business,
[and] (3) seek[s] to
promote it as such" finds no sanctuary in the First Amendment. FW/PBS, supra, at 261
(Scalia J.,
concurring in part and dissenting in part).
Section 505 regulates just this sort of business. Its coverage is limited to programming
that "describes or
depicts sexual or excretory activities or organs in a patently offensive manner as
measured by
contemporary community standards [for cable television]." 47 CFR § 76.227(d) (1999)
(emphasis added).
It furthermore applies only to those channels that are "primarily dedicated to
sexually-oriented
programming."1 §505(a) (emphasis added). It is conceivable, I suppose, that a
channel which is primarily
dedicated to sex might not hold itself forth as primarily dedicated to sexin which
case its productions
which contain "serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value" (if
any) would be as entitled to First
Amendment protection as the statuary rooms of the National Gallery. But in the competitive
world of cable
programming, the possibility that a channel devoted to sex would not advertise itself as
such is sufficiently
remote, and the number of such channels sufficiently small (if not indeed nonexistent), as
not to render the
provision substantially overbroad.2
Playboy itself illustrates the type of business §505 is designed to reach. Playboy
provides, through its
networksPlayboy Television, AdulTVision, Adam & Eve, and
Spice"virtually 100% sexually explicit
adult programming." 30 F. Supp. 2d 702, 707 (Del. 1998). For example, on its Spice
network, Playboy
describes its own programming as depicting such activities as "female
masturbation/external," "girl/girl
sex," and "oral sex/cunnilingus." 1 Record, Exh. 73, p. TWC00132. As one
would expect, given this
content, Playboy advertises accordingly, with calls to "Enjoy the sexiest, hottest
adult movies in the
privacy of your own home." 6 id., Exh. 136, p. 2P009732. An example of the promotion
for a particular
movie is as follows: "Little miss country girls are aching for a quick roll in the
hay! Watch southern
hospitality pull out all the stops as these ravin nymphos tear down the barn and
light up the big country
sky." 7 id., Exh. 226, p. 2P009187. One may doubt whetheror marvel
thatthis sort of embarrassingly
juvenile promotion really attracts what Playboy assures us is an "adult"
audience. But it is certainly
marketing sex.3
Thus, while I agree with Justice Breyers child-protection analysis, it leaves me
with the same feeling of
true-but-inadequate as the conclusion that Al Capone did not accurately report his income.
It is not only
children who can be protected from occasional uninvited exposure to what appellee calls
"adult-oriented
programming"; we can all be. Section 505 covers only businesses that engage in the
"commercial
exploitation of erotica solely for the sake of their prurient appeal," Ginzburg,
supra, at 466which, as
Playboys own advertisements make plain, is what "adult" programming is all
about. In most contexts,
contemporary American society has chosen to permit such commercial exploitation. That may
be a wise
democratic choice, if only because of the difficulty in many contexts (though not this
one) of identifying the
panderer to sex. It is, however, not a course compelled by the Constitution. Since the
Government is
entirely free to block these transmissions, it may certainly take the less drastic step of
dictating how, and
during what times, they may occur.
Notes
1. Congresss attempt to limit the reach of §505 is therefore, contrary to the
Courts contention, see ante, at
7, a virtue rather than a vice.
2. Justice Stevens misapprehends in several respects the nature of the test I would apply.
First, he
mistakenly believes that the nature of the advertising controls the obscenity analysis,
regardless of the
nature of the material being advertised. I entirely agree with him that "advertising
a bareheaded dancer as
topless might be deceptive, but it would not make her performance
obscene." Ante, at 1 (concurring
opinion). I believe, however, that if the material is "patently offensive" and
it is being advertised as such,
we have little reason to think it is being proffered for its socially redeeming value.
Justice Stevens second
misapprehension flows from the first: He sees the test I would apply as incompatible with
the Courts
commercial-speech jurisprudence. See ante, at 12 (concurring opinion); see also
Splawn v. California,
431 U.S. 595, 603, n. 2 (1977)
(Stevens, J., dissenting) ("Ginzburg cannot survive [Virginia Bd. of Pharmacy v.
Virginia Citizens
Consumer Council,
Inc., 425 U.S. 748 (1976)]"). There is no such conflict. Although the Ginzburg test,
like most obscenity
tests, has ordinarily
been applied in a commercial context (most purveyors of obscenity are in the business for
the money), its
logic is not restricted
to that context. The test applies equally to the improbable case in which a collector of
indecent materials
wishes to give them
away, and takes out a classified ad in the local newspaper touting their salacious appeal.
Commercial
motive or not, the
" [c]ircumstances of
dissemination are relevant to determining whether
[the] social importance claimed
for [the] material [is]
pretense or reality. " Splawn, supra, at 598 (quoting jury instruction
approved). Perhaps this is why the
Court in Splawn
did not accept Justice Stevens claim of incompatibility.
3. Both the Court, see ante, at 6, and Justice Thomas, see ante, at 2 (concurring
opinion), find great
importance in the fact
that "this case has been litigated on the assumption that the programming at issue is
not obscene, but merely
indecent," see ibid.
(emphasis deleted). But as I noted in FW/PBS, Inc. v. Dallas, 493 U.S. 215, 262263
(1990) (opinion
concurring in part
and dissenting in part), we have not allowed the parties litigating positions to
place limits upon our
development of obscenity
law. See, e.g., Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, 2425 (1973) (abandoning
"utterly without redeeming
social value" test
sua sponte); Ginzburg v. United States, 383 U.S. 463 (1966) (adopting pandering theory
unargued by the
Government);
Mishkin v. New York, 383 U.S. 502 (1966) (upholding convictions on theory that obscenity
could be
defined by looking to
the intent of the disseminator, despite respondents express disavowal of that
theory). As for Justice
Thomass concern that
there has been no factual finding of obscenity in this case, see ante, at 2 (concurring
opinion): This is not an
as-applied
challenge, in which the issue is whether a particular course of conduct constitutes
obscenity; it is a facial
challenge, in which the
issue is whether the terms of this statute address obscenity. That is not for the
factfinder below, but for this
Court.